Mitchell v. United States was a landmark Supreme Court case that took place in 1951. The case centered on the issue of racial discrimination in the United States military.

Sergeant William E. Mitchell, an African American soldier, had been court-martialed for a crime and sentenced to death by hanging. Mitchell appealed his sentence, arguing that African Americans were systematically excluded from serving on the court-martial that convicted him, a violation of his constitutional rights.

The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Mitchell, declaring that the military court's exclusion of African Americans violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The decision set a precedent for fair treatment of African American service members in the military and was a significant milestone in the fight against racial discrimination in the armed forces.